1888年,摩納哥王儲阿爾貝于亞速爾群島外海約780英尋(約相當于1427米)深度拖網獲得一塊頭足類喙的殘骸。殘骸上棲息著許多微型笠螺,多個個體啃咬出與貝殼基部大小相當的凹坑,有時坑底僅存一層透明薄膜。12年后,Dautzenberg與Fischer根據這些標本建立淵喙螺科Bathysciadiidae。
淵喙螺科是種粒螺目Cocculinida僅有的3個科之一。全科共4屬9種,大多棲息于數千米深的海底,加之其以死亡魷魚喙為食的習性,因此十分罕見。盡管曾有在一個大王烏賊喙上發現百余個淵喙螺Bathysciadium costulatum個體的記錄,但據2023年的一篇論文統計,全世界記錄在案的博物館館藏僅有35批。稀少的發現令淵喙螺的相關研究極少。
淵喙螺擁有標志性的具放射狀流蘇的殼皮,和蟶螂一樣殼皮長于殼體,其作用也和蟶螂的相似——當動物抬高身體以便水流過貝殼與其基座之間時,這些流蘇覆蓋兩側,使得沉積物無法進入貝殼與基座之間。淵喙螺的足部會形成類似吸盤的結構,也是唯一完全缺失中腸腺的非寄生腹足類。淵喙螺殼體脆弱,以至于在干燥環境中,Bathysciadium costulatum的外殼會因殼皮收縮而碎裂。在Bathysciadium costulatum的胃中曾發現刮削下的頭足類喙碎片,推測其依靠共生菌消化這些碎片。
Bathysciadium xylophagum是唯一被發現于木材上的淵喙螺,其棲息于船蛆的蛀洞中。這被認為是在首選基質不存在時的無奈選擇。在葡萄牙西南部外海約瑟芬海山發現的Bathysciadiumcf.xylophagum則棲息于頭足類喙上。除Bathysciadium xylophagum外,僅有2個來自科隆群島(加拉帕戈斯群島)的未命名Xenodonta屬物種確認不以頭足類的喙為食——它們附著在一個尖帽螺科Capulidae個體的殼上并吞噬了它的大部分殼皮。
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Bathysciadium xylophagum/ 作者拍攝自有標本
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Bathysciadium xylophagum(圖中a、b)
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Bathysciadiumcf.xylophagum(圖中c、d)
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Xenodonta bogasoni
Bathysciadium pacificum生活的深度范圍極廣,在5500米、4000米至2000米水深都有發現,甚至曾在一條捕獲自549~594米水深處的太平洋油鰈Microstomus pacificus的消化道內發現過一個標本。太平洋油鰈棲息深度為10~1370米。考慮其在冬季才向深水產卵洄游,而含B. pacificum的標本于6月采集到,因此B. pacificum可能在500~800米也有分布。令人遺憾的是這枚標本已經遺失。
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Bathysciadium pacificum/ Geiger et al, 2023
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淵喙螺科的Pilus conicus
淵喙螺在生命早期就會失去胎殼,齒舌退化,齒數遠少于正常的扇舌型古腹足類齒舌。魷喙螺科Teuthirostriidae的Teuthirostria cancellata盡管同樣棲息于頭足類喙上,卻擁有正常的種粒螺型齒舌。因此魷喙螺科可能代表著種粒螺科Cocculinidae與淵喙螺科之間的過渡——一些種粒螺首先改變食性,以頭足類喙為食,隨后齒舌和消化道因此而退化。魷喙螺科共2屬3種,除T. cancellata外,其余2種均棲息于沉木上。
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魷喙螺科的Fedikovella beanii
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魷喙螺科的Fedikovella caymanensis
參考文獻及圖片來源
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