“罵人”在什么情況下是違法的?
A recent revision to China's public security law has triggered a heated debate about the lawfulness of public insults. Public insults are not automatically illegal in China, but they may constitute a legal offense when made openly and cause harm, legal experts explained.
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近日,話題#罵人也違法了最高可判三年#登上熱搜,引發(fā)熱議。
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新修訂的《中華人民共和國治安管理處罰法》(2026)第五十條明確,公然侮辱他人或捏造事實(shí)誹謗他人的行為,將面臨罰款或拘留處罰。
The topic "insulting others can also be illegal, with a maximum sentence of three years" has trended on Chinese social media after China's revised Public Security Administration Punishments Law (2026) clarified that public insults or defamation may result in fines or administrative detention.
defamation /?def??me??(?)n/ 誹謗
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目前已有因“罵人”違法被處罰的相關(guān)案例。1月7日,內(nèi)蒙古臨河區(qū)一男子因退款糾紛,在社交平臺發(fā)布含店主照片并配哀樂的視頻,同時文字辱罵,被行政拘留。
Several cases have since drawn public attention. On Jan 7, a man in Linhe district of Bayannuur, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, was placed under administrative detention after posting a video featuring a shop owner's photo, funeral music and insulting remarks during a refund dispute.
專家:不能簡單認(rèn)為“罵人即違法”
華東師范大學(xué)法學(xué)院副教授于林洋介紹,罵人可能構(gòu)成違法,也可能只是私德問題。法在對“罵人”進(jìn)行違法性判斷時,應(yīng)保持必要的謙抑性,不能簡單認(rèn)為“罵人即違法”。
有些對他人造成困擾的語言攻擊確實(shí)性質(zhì)惡劣,既違法、也失德,該禁該罰。但比如說,有的“罵人”,就只是受了委屈、吃了虧之后的發(fā)發(fā)牢騷抱怨一下,不能簡單定性為違法,否則就有“拋開劑量談毒性”之嫌。
違法性“罵人”需具備“公然”(例如在公開場合罵人)要件,私下與人發(fā)生口角一般不構(gòu)成違法。
Legal scholars stress that not all verbal abuse is unlawful. Yu Linyang, an associate professor at East China Normal University, said the law should be applied with restraint, noting that only public insults — such as those made in open or online spaces — may constitute violations, while private quarrels generally do not.
不過,公民在享有言論自由的同時,也要遵循“真實(shí)、客觀、尊重”的言語原則。不僅要謹(jǐn)言慎行,也要恪守道德與法律底線。這既是對他人的尊重,也是對自己的保護(hù)。
惡意罵人如果違法怎樣擔(dān)責(zé)?
民事責(zé)任方面,依據(jù)民法典第一千零二十四條規(guī)定,民事主體享有名譽(yù)權(quán)。任何組織或者個人不得以侮辱、誹謗等方式侵害他人的名譽(yù)權(quán)。如果“罵人”構(gòu)成侮辱、誹謗并侵害他人名譽(yù)權(quán)的,應(yīng)停止侵害、賠禮道歉或賠償損失。
行政責(zé)任方面,依據(jù)治安管理處罰法第五十條規(guī)定,如果“罵人”構(gòu)成公然侮辱他人或者捏造事實(shí)誹謗他人的,可能處十日以下拘留或者一千元以下罰款。
刑事責(zé)任方面,依據(jù)刑法第二百四十六條規(guī)定,如果“罵人”構(gòu)成公然侮辱他人或者捏造事實(shí)誹謗他人且情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的,以侮辱罪或誹謗罪定罪,處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。
Depending on the severity, malicious insults may trigger civil, administrative or criminal liability. Under the Civil Code, victims may seek remedies such as an apology or compensation, while administrative penalties include fines of up to 1,000 yuan or detention of up to 10 days. In serious cases, public insults or defamation may constitute criminal offenses punishable with up to three years in prison.
這意味著,罵人者,輕則拘留5天或者罰款1000元以下,重則在罰款基礎(chǔ)上拘留時間延長至10天,若因罵人導(dǎo)致對方想不開,造成重傷或死亡,最高可判三年。
對此,于林洋表示,違法性“罵人”往往還需要造成一定的后果,例如造成他人名譽(yù)權(quán)受損才構(gòu)成民事違法。
處五日以上十日以下行政拘留的“罵人”要達(dá)到“情節(jié)較重”,例如多次肆意謾罵或惡意詆毀導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重影響被害人或者其近親屬工作生活的;
構(gòu)成犯罪的“罵人”則需要達(dá)到“情節(jié)嚴(yán)重”,例如惡意謾罵的信息被點(diǎn)擊、瀏覽次數(shù)達(dá)到五千次以上,被轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)次數(shù)達(dá)到五百次以上,造成被害人或者其近親屬精神失常、自殘、自殺等嚴(yán)重后果的。
Legal experts note that harsher penalties apply only when the conduct results in serious consequences, such as repeated abuse that significantly disrupts a victim's work or daily life, or widely circulated online insults that cause severe psychological harm, self-harm or suicide.
央視網(wǎng)發(fā)文評論稱,或許有人會說,罵人這種小事也算違法,法律是不是管太寬了?要知道,罵人絕非小事。《中華人民共和國憲法》第三十八條明確規(guī)定:“中華人民共和國公民的人格尊嚴(yán)不受侵犯。”而罵人,本質(zhì)上是無視他人的人格尊嚴(yán),傷害他人的社會評價,甚至損害他人的精神狀況的一種暴力。
法律禁止罵人,既是對個體精神安寧的守護(hù),又是對公共空間清朗的維護(hù),更能夠從源頭預(yù)防更嚴(yán)重的違法犯罪發(fā)生,維護(hù)社會和諧穩(wěn)定。
In a commentary, CCTV.com said insults should not be dismissed as trivial matters, noting that China's Constitution protects citizens' personal dignity and that verbal abuse can amount to psychological violence. Restricting abusive speech, it added, helps safeguard mental well-being, uphold civility in public spaces and prevent more serious offenses.
謹(jǐn)言慎行
言語暴力需擔(dān)責(zé)!
來源:中國青年報 央視網(wǎng) 光明日報 農(nóng)民日報
跟著China Daily
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