最近,“斬殺線”這個源于游戲世界的詞在網上迅速破圈。
所謂“斬殺線”,其實描繪了一種現象:很多美國人即便收入還算體面,扣除房租房貸、保險等必要支出后,賬戶里也所剩無幾;一旦遭遇意外、疾病或是失業(yè),他們很快就難以在美國社會生存,只能被迫流浪。
A gaming term, "斬殺線", has recently spread across Chinese social media to describe a growing reality in the United States: although many Americans appear to earn decent incomes, once they pay for housing, healthcare, insurance and other essentials, they have almost no savings left. Any sudden illness, accident or job loss can quickly push them to the brink of homelessness.
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圖源: Getty Images
這個詞如何翻譯呢?
“英文悅讀”公眾號作者魏劍峰指出,在美國公共政策與社會學研究中,已有一個與“斬殺線”較為接近的概念——“the ALICE threshold”。其中“ALICE”是“Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed”(資產有限、收入受限、但有工作)的縮寫,用來描述那些有工作,但是存不下錢,遇到意外情況很容易破產的群體。
A closer established concept in US sociology is "the ALICE threshold" — short for "Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed". It refers to people who have jobs but cannot save, living just one unexpected crisis away from financial collapse.
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外媒文章也出現過這一表達,比如美國媒體The Maui News之前有一篇報道,標題是:52% of Maui County homes live below ALICE threshold。
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這里的Maui County是美國夏威夷州的茂宜縣。文章的副標題對the ALICE threshold做了進一步的解釋說明:More Hawaii families falling below basic cost of living, federal poverty lines(夏威夷有越來越多的家庭收入跌破基本生活成本線與聯邦貧困線)。
那么,美國社會為什么會存在“斬殺線”?“大白話講新聞”是這樣解釋的:
這和美國社會運行的規(guī)律有關。以前大家總說美國是一個橄欖型社會,中產階級占了絕大多數,但現在美國經濟已經變成了K型:頭腳重、中間輕,富的越富、窮的越窮,而原本中間這部分正在被“斬殺”。
Behind this "斬殺線" phenomenon lies a broader shift in American society. Once described as an "olive-shaped" society dominated by the middle class, the United States has increasingly become a "K-shaped" economy — where the wealthy continue to grow richer, the poor struggle, and the traditional middle class is being "killed" in between.
在美國的一線城市,中產家庭即便收入十幾萬到二十萬美元,也難抵醫(yī)療急診、房租房貸等剛性支出。一筆幾千美元的醫(yī)療賬單,就可能令本已捉襟見肘的家庭陷入財務危機。通脹下日常成本上升,生病請假可能導致收入中斷;缺乏現金儲備,很快可能信用受損、失去車輛,甚至失去住址。失去住址又會影響銀行往來、就業(yè)與租房資格,形成惡性循環(huán)。
一旦陷入這種狀態(tài),很多人最終只能選擇流浪,尊嚴與心理防線遭到摧毀,只有依靠毒品與酒精自我麻痹。毒品怎么獲取?最簡單的辦法就是買阿片類止疼藥,也就是特朗普常說的美國的芬太尼問題。
In major US cities, even families earning $100,000 to $200,000 a year can face heavy financial strain from soaring housing, childcare and healthcare costs. A medical bill of just a few thousand dollars may trigger crisis, while inflation and income disruptions leave many with little or no savings. Damaged credit, loss of housing and restricted access to employment and financial services can quickly trap families in a vicious cycle.
Many eventually fall into homelessness, experiencing severe psychological stress and a profound loss of dignity. Some turn to alcohol or drugs to cope, often linked to the broader opioid and fentanyl crisis.
既然都被“斬殺”了,為什么不能求父母幫忙?或者社會上沒有救濟嗎?
美國文化強調個人獨立,許多年輕人背負學貸和信用債務;父母與朋友在現實成本與法律限制下難以長期接濟。
社會救濟體系則更偏向“事后兜底”而非“事前緩沖”,門檻高、流程慢。再加上部分政策削減社會保障(如“大而美法案”),進一步擴大了這一群體的生存壓力。
Why can't people simply rely on family support or government assistance? A culture of individual independence, coupled with heavy student loans and high personal debt, means many families cannot provide sustained help.
Meanwhile, the US welfare system largely functions after a crisis rather than preventing one, with strict eligibility requirements and slow procedures. Cuts to certain social programs have further increased pressure on vulnerable groups.
諾貝爾經濟學獎得主安格斯·迪頓與美國國家科學院院士安妮·凱斯的著作《美國怎么了:絕望的死亡與資本主義的未來》描述的正是真實存在、由數據支撐的“斬殺線”。
以醫(yī)療體系為例,美國醫(yī)療支出占GDP約18%,遠超國防與教育開支,卻被認為是富裕國家中效率最差的體系之一。
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制新藥、新儀器和新的治療手段不斷涌現,很多并沒有什么效果,但它們依然被推給病人并收取費用。同時,醫(yī)院提高價格并不是因為成本上升,而是因為它們正在進行整合,從而減少或消除了競爭,并利用強大的市場勢力提高價格。
醫(yī)院集團、保險公司、藥廠、醫(yī)療設備商形成了強大的利益聯盟,通過游說政治力量,維持有利于自身的政策,比如阻止價格談判。
這些都導致了醫(yī)療資源更多用于滋養(yǎng)行業(yè)利潤而非改善公眾健康,不僅拖累經濟與工資增長,也進一步加劇社會不平等。
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圖源:Homeless No More
最后,來看看一些與“斬殺線”概念相關的短語吧。
▌on a financial knife-edge財務狀況岌岌可危
Many low-income families are living on a financial knife-edge.
許多低收入家庭的財務狀況如履薄冰,隨時都有可能出問題。
▌live paycheck to paycheck月光族生活
Millions of households are living paycheck to paycheck, with no savings to absorb a shock.
數以百萬計的家庭過著月光族的生活,幾乎沒有任何積蓄來應對突發(fā)狀況。
▌financial cliff 財務懸崖
As housing and healthcare costs rise, an increasing number of middle-income earners are at risk of falling off a financial cliff.
隨著住房和醫(yī)療費用不斷上漲,越來越多中產正被推向財務崩潰的邊緣。
編輯:裴禧盈
來源:英文悅讀 大白話講新聞
跟著China Daily
精讀英語新聞
“無痛”學英語,每天20分鐘就夠!
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