原創克爾-紐曼黑洞
現存的Congeria屬生物僅分布于10余個已知點位,約半數點位只發現空殼,有時貝殼表面覆蓋著厚厚的鈣華。
Congeria kusceri集群生活,雌雄異體,精子被保留于雌性內鰓瓣上部,卵在此受精并隨發育逐漸進入育兒囊,在育兒囊發育為幼蟲。當幼蟲自身的食物儲備耗盡或它們長到足以沖破育兒囊口的大小時,幼蟲會被釋放到母體的外套膜腔中。外套膜內通常有兩個幼蟲,一個比另一個大,這是由于更早發育、更大的幼蟲在打開育兒囊口時,位于育兒囊更高處、發育較差的小幼蟲也一起釋放。在外套膜腔中,幼蟲將經歷育兒期的第二階段,此時它們以母體吸入的水流中的有機顆粒為食,在成長至約350微米后爬行離開。
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Congeria kusceri成體 / Scapolatiello et al, 2022
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Congeria kusceri
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Congeria kusceri生活史
現存Congeria屬生物的孵育幼體行為在飾貝科中是獨一無二的,這種特征是對地下河寡營養環境的適應。其他飾貝采取的播撒式產卵會消耗大量配子,產生這些配子需要大量營養,而地下河環境無法提供。然而,孵育幼體行為也嚴重限制了Congeria屬生物的擴散能力。
Congeria屬生物壽命長,已知最長壽命達53年,而其真實上限很可能遠高于此。許多點位的Congeria屬生物在夏季會因水位下降而暴露在空氣中,一些個體甚至會暴露在空氣中兩個月之久,僅靠洞穴上方的滴水或巖石表面的水膜以及洞穴內濕度通常為100%的空氣生存。高濕度的環境令它們不必像其他雙殼綱物種那樣緊閉貝殼來保持水分,在暴露于空氣中時依舊能長時間張開雙殼,并借機向水中排放精子,減少損耗。【完】
參考文獻及圖片來源
Annalisa S, Magdalena G, Greco S, et al, 2024.Congeriain theDinaric Karst: conservation and scientific study of a unique cave-dwelling bivalve genus[J]. Atti e Memorie della Commissione Grotte Eugenio Boegan, 53: 81-90.
Bakovi? N, Siemensma F, Puljas S, et al, 2023. First data ontestate amoebaeassociated with the endemic cave bivalveCongeria jalziciMorton & Biland?ija, 2013 with a description ofPsammonobiotus dinaricasp. Nov[J]. Subterranean Biology, 45: 53-74.
Biland?ija H, Morton B, Podnar M, et al, 2013. Evolutionary history of relictCongeria(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae): unearthing the subterranean biodiversity of the Dinaric Karst[J]. Frontiers in Zoology, 10(1): 5.
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Morton B, Biland?ija H, 2023. Nomenclatural validation of two extantCongeriaspecies,C. jalziciandC. mulaomerovici(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the caves of the Dinaric karst[J]. Natura Croatica, 32(2): 439-444.
Morton B, Puljas S, 2013. Life-history strategy, with ctenidial and pallial larval brooding, of the troglodytic ‘living fossil’Congeria kusceri(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the subterranean Dinaric Alpine karst of Croatia[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 108(2): 294-314.
Morton B, Velkovrh F, Sket B, 1998. Biology and anatomy of the ‘living fossil’Congeria kusceri(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from subterranean rivers and caves in the Dinaric karst of the former Yugoslavia[J]. Journal of Zoology, 245(2): 147-174.
Puljas S, Peharda M, Morton B, et al, 2014. Growth and longevity of the “living fossil”Congeria kusceri(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the subterranean Dinaric karst of Croatia[J]. Malacologia, 57(2): 353-364.
Ra?a B, Ra?a T, 2012. New data about the reproductive cycle ofCongeria kusceriBole, 1962 (Bivalves: Dreissenidae) from the pit ‘Jama u Predolcu’ (Croatia)[J]. Italian Journal of Zoology, 79(1): 105-110.
Scapolatiello A, Rosani U, Manfrin C, et al, 2022. Identification of five picorna-like viruses associated with the endangered cave-dwelling bivalveCongeria kusceri(Bole, 1962)[J]. Invertebrate Survival Journal, 19(1): 28-36.
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