百美村宿 · 拉毫石屋是拉毫村“鄉(xiāng)村旅游扶貧+”的起點(diǎn) | SERIES CONNECTION OF STONE WALLS

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百美村宿是中國(guó)扶貧基金會(huì)于2013年啟動(dòng)的創(chuàng)新型鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目，該項(xiàng)目致力于探索“鄉(xiāng)村旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)+”的新型模式，通過(guò)構(gòu)建村莊與外部連接的公共發(fā)展平臺(tái)，重新評(píng)估鄉(xiāng)村價(jià)值，引入市場(chǎng)機(jī)制以激發(fā)鄉(xiāng)村活力，并促進(jìn)村民內(nèi)生發(fā)展動(dòng)力。其核心目標(biāo)是確保農(nóng)戶能夠獲得持續(xù)收益。中國(guó)扶貧基金會(huì)在早期實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)，單純依賴外來(lái)援助的減貧項(xiàng)目往往因資金中斷而停止，因此真正的減貧需要建立可持續(xù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)，并激發(fā)本土社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的內(nèi)生動(dòng)力。隨著城市化進(jìn)程帶來(lái)的鄉(xiāng)村旅游需求增加，原本因交通不便而保留下來(lái)的鄉(xiāng)村原貌成為了發(fā)展可持續(xù)鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)的理想載體。

鳳凰拉毫村是百美村宿項(xiàng)目的其中一個(gè)村落，由中國(guó)石化捐贈(zèng)資金建設(shè)。百美村宿項(xiàng)目最早于2013年在貴州啟動(dòng)，立足于以農(nóng)民為主體開(kāi)展活動(dòng)，成立了專業(yè)合作社并進(jìn)行能力建設(shè)，作為村莊對(duì)外合作、資源整合分配以及內(nèi)部管理的載體平臺(tái)。同時(shí)引入市場(chǎng)主體，為鄉(xiāng)村旅游進(jìn)行規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，并委托經(jīng)營(yíng)。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，優(yōu)先為貧困農(nóng)戶提供務(wù)工機(jī)會(huì)及一定比例的利潤(rùn)分配，助力他們脫貧。此外，產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展還為鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境治理和民俗保護(hù)提供了動(dòng)力。

Bai Mei Village Homestay is an innovative rural industrial development project initiated by the China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation in 2013. This project is dedicated to exploring a new model of "rural tourism industry +", by building a public development platform connecting the village with the outside world, re-evaluating the value of the village, introducing market mechanisms to stimulate rural vitality, and promoting the internal development drive of villagers. Its core objective is to ensure that farmers can obtain continuous income. In its early practices, the China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation found that poverty reduction projects that relied solely on external aid often came to a halt due to the interruption of funds. Therefore, true poverty reduction requires the establishment of sustainable industries and the stimulation of the endogenous driving force for local social and economic development. With the increasing demand for rural tourism brought about by the urbanization process, the original appearance of the countryside that was preserved due to inconvenient transportation has become an ideal carrier for the development of sustainable rural industries.

Fenghuang Lahao Village is one of the villages in the Bai Mei Village Homestay Project, which was built with funds donated by Sinopec. The Bai Mei Village Homestay project was first launched in Guizhou in 2013. It is based on farmers as the main body to carry out activities, established a professional cooperative and carried out capacity building, serving as a carrier platform for the village's external cooperation, resource integration and distribution, as well as internal management. At the same time, market entities should be introduced to plan and design rural tourism and entrust its operation. During this process, priority should be given to providing employment opportunities and a certain proportion of profit distribution for poor farmers to help them escape poverty. In addition, industrial development has also provided impetus for rural environmental governance and the protection of folk customs.

一、湖南湘西 ·拉毫石屋

RESIDENTIAL DESIGN

鳳凰古城坐落于湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州，是中國(guó)著名的歷史文化名城。在古城之外的苗鄉(xiāng)地區(qū)，隱藏著諸多鮮為人知的自然景觀、秀麗的苗族村寨以及神秘而深厚的民俗文化。整個(gè)村落依山勢(shì)而建，村中石屋錯(cuò)落有致，青石板路蜿蜒曲折，四周綠樹(shù)成蔭、煙雨朦朧、炊煙裊裊，宛如世外桃源般寧?kù)o悠然。

拉毫石屋位于山坡之上，其場(chǎng)地呈現(xiàn)北高南低的態(tài)勢(shì)，高差大約為30米。村落周邊有參天古樹(shù)環(huán)繞，群山將其環(huán)抱其中。該村落的聚落形態(tài)并不完備，部分房屋保存狀況良好，部分房屋已倒塌，此外還有幾處村民利用空隙修建的磚混住宅，對(duì)村落原有的肌理造成了極大破壞。在我們開(kāi)展踏勘選址工作時(shí)，拉毫村已呈現(xiàn)出“空心村”的特征，村里僅有少量老人和留守兒童居住。經(jīng)過(guò)細(xì)致的調(diào)研與分析，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)選定村落北側(cè)相對(duì)完整的一片老房子作為民宿項(xiàng)目的主體建筑。首先對(duì)村落空間進(jìn)行了梳理，重新整治了公共區(qū)域、道路以及停車場(chǎng)等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，讓民宿項(xiàng)目的結(jié)構(gòu)得以清晰展現(xiàn)。同時(shí)選取了12棟房屋進(jìn)行改造，這些房屋涵蓋公區(qū)和民宿等功能。值得注意的是，該民宿項(xiàng)目不設(shè)置圍墻，沒(méi)有明確邊界，將與保留下來(lái)的房屋共同存在。

Fenghuang Ancient Town is located in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province. It is a famous historical and cultural city in China. Beyond the ancient city lies the Miao ethnic area, where there are many little-known natural landscapes, beautiful Miao villages and mysterious and profound folk cultures. The entire village is built along the mountain terrain. Stone houses are scattered in an orderly manner within the village, and the bluestone paths wind and twist. Surrounded by green trees, misty rain and curling smoke from chimneys, it is as peaceful and serene as a paradise beyond the mundane world.

The Lahao Stone House is located on a hillside. Its site is higher in the north and lower in the south, with a height difference of approximately 30 meters. The village is surrounded by towering ancient trees and embraced by mountains. The settlement form of this village is not complete. Some houses are in good condition, while others have collapsed. In addition, there are several brick-concrete houses built by villagers in the voids, which have caused great damage to the original texture of the village. When we were conducting the site survey and selection work, Lahao Village had already shown the characteristics of an "empty village", with only a few elderly people and left-behind children living in the village. After meticulous research and analysis, the design team selected a relatively intact area of old houses on the north side of the village as the main building for the homestay project. First, the village space was sorted out, and the public areas, roads, parking lots and other infrastructure were renovated, allowing the structure of the homestay project to be clearly presented. At the same time, 12 houses were selected for renovation, which cover functions such as public areas and homestays. It is worth noting that this homestay project does not have a fence and no clear boundary, and will coexist with the remaining houses.

拉毫石屋改造方案秉持生態(tài)保護(hù)理念，通過(guò)系統(tǒng)性策略實(shí)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)地與建筑的和諧共生。在實(shí)施過(guò)程中，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)嚴(yán)格遵循原有場(chǎng)地肌理，采取最小干預(yù)原則對(duì)主體建筑進(jìn)行修繕改造，僅對(duì)非結(jié)構(gòu)性附屬設(shè)施進(jìn)行必要拆除。規(guī)劃層面將每棟建筑單元整合為獨(dú)立院落，通過(guò)保留原生樹(shù)木構(gòu)建景觀層次，既保障居住私密性又可拓展視覺(jué)通廊。各院落間以傳統(tǒng)石材鋪砌路徑相連接，配合地形高差形成立體交通體系，使參觀動(dòng)線呈現(xiàn)空間韻律變化，實(shí)現(xiàn)行進(jìn)間多維度景觀滲透的游賞體驗(yàn)。

The renovation plan for the Lahao Stone House adheres to the concept of ecological protection and achieves a harmonious coexistence of the site and the building through a systematic strategy. During the implementation process, the design team strictly adhered to the original site texture, adopted the principle of minimum intervention to renovate and transform the main building, and only carried out necessary demolition of non-structural ancillary facilities. At the planning level, each building unit is integrated into an independent courtyard. By preserving the original trees, landscape layers are constructed, which not only ensures the privacy of residents but also expands visual corridors. The courtyards are connected by traditional stone-paved paths, which, in combination with the elevation differences of the terrain, form a three-dimensional transportation system. This makes the visiting route present a spatial rhythm change and realizes a multi-dimensional landscape infiltration experience during the journey.

二、空間美學(xué)

RESIDENTIAL DESIGN

在石墻內(nèi)部，設(shè)計(jì)方案運(yùn)用了置入鋼結(jié)構(gòu)體系的方式，同時(shí)把屋頂抬高80厘米，使得屋頂呈現(xiàn)出“漂浮”于石墻上方的效果。此外，在石墻上部設(shè)置了側(cè)天窗，以便讓更多的光線以及山林景觀能夠進(jìn)入室內(nèi)。石墻內(nèi)部所采用的工業(yè)化鋼結(jié)構(gòu)體系，一方面能夠應(yīng)對(duì)場(chǎng)地運(yùn)輸方面的限制以及鄉(xiāng)村施工工藝精度不足的問(wèn)題；另一方面，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)體系與石墻體系實(shí)現(xiàn)有機(jī)融合，滿足了民宿項(xiàng)目多樣化的功能需求。新與舊、輕與重形成強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比，在村落中營(yíng)造出戲劇化的效果。

在主體建筑改造范式既定的情況下，在局部區(qū)域?qū)嵤┝瞬町惢母脑觳呗浴＞唧w而言，對(duì)于2號(hào)院南側(cè)房屋保留了原有的夯土磚墻，并在其內(nèi)部植入鋼結(jié)構(gòu)。而在4號(hào)院的南側(cè)擴(kuò)建了一處茶室，該茶室的混凝土板向外挑出至山體之外，外立面采用全落地玻璃設(shè)計(jì)，由此可眺望森林和山谷。

Inside the stone wall, the design scheme adopts the method of embedding a steel structure system, and at the same time raises the roof by 80 centimeters, making the roof appear to be "floating" above the stone wall. In addition, side skylights were set up on the upper part of the stone wall to allow more light and mountain forest views to enter the interior. The industrialized steel structure system adopted inside the stone wall can, on the one hand, address the limitations of site transportation and the insufficient precision of rural construction techniques. On the other hand, the steel structure system and the stone wall system are organically integrated, meeting the diverse functional requirements of the homestay project. The new and the old, the light and the heavy form a sharp contrast, creating a dramatic effect in the village.

Under the circumstances where the renovation model of the main building was established, differentiated renovation strategies were implemented in some local areas. Specifically, for the buildings on the south side of Courtyard No. 2, the original rammed earth brick walls were retained, and steel structures were implanted inside them. On the south side of Courtyard No. 4, a tea room was expanded. The concrete slabs of this tea room protrude outward beyond the mountain, and the exterior facade features a full floor-to-ceiling glass design, from which one can overlook the forest and the valley.

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