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《西北史》(八):貴霜帝國卷(二)——涼州三世紀銅鎏金戰神立像,以及休屠一族和小月氏的關系
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戰神韋馱(Skanda, 又名Karttikeya, Kumara等),銅器,貴霜王朝三世紀,高11.5公分最寬5公分,長臉、眉骨隆起,雙眼圓睜,鼻梁高挺,薄唇上有髭,頭戴類似后貴霜時代頭巾冠飾。冠立面呈圓餅形,周圍為花瓣狀,已極形式化,為貴霜王朝衰落時代的冠飾特征。身披項飾,裸露上身,下著下裳。左手捧公雞,右手原持長戟,今佚。
Skanda (also known as Karttikeya, Kumara, etc.), a bronze statue from the 3rd century Kushan Dynasty, is 11.5 cm high and 5 cm at its widest point. It depicts a long face with prominent brow ridges, wide-open eyes, a high nose, thin lips, and a mustache. The headdress is similar to a post-Kushan turban. The crown's facade is round and disc-shaped, surrounded by petal-like patterns, a highly stylized form characteristic of the declining Kushan Dynasty. The figure wears a necklace, has a bare upper body, and a lower garment. The left hand holds a rooster, while the right hand originally held a halberd, which is now lost.
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韋馱為濕婆神之子,其破壞力無人能及,因此笈多時期(約320 – 650 AD),韋馱被確立為戰神。但在貴霜時代,秣菟羅地區的韋馱為具有數種功能的神格,或與其他神祇作為群像出現,保護兒童、或為戰神,形象為身穿兜提,一手持長戟、一手做無畏印。印度西北的犍陀羅地區的韋馱只有一種基本上是獨尊的形象:身穿鎧甲、一手持長戟、一手捧公雞或鳥。
Skanda, son of Shiva, possessed unparalleled destructive power, and thus, during the Gupta period (c. 320–650 AD), he was established as a war god. However, during the Kushan era, Skanda in Mathura was a deity with several functions, sometimes appearing in group portraits with other deities, protecting children, or as a war god, depicted wearing a helmet, holding a halberd in one hand and making the abhaya mudra (gesture of reassurance) with the other. In Gandhara, northwestern India, Skanda had only one essentially solitary form: wearing armor, holding a halberd in one hand and a rooster or bird in the other.
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目前研究顯示,貴霜時代捧公雞的韋馱只流行于犍陀羅地區,這種特殊圖像來自伊朗地區,由嚈噠等北方游牧民族傳來;犍陀羅地區韋馱的鎧甲為游牧民族的戰甲,顯示其在外民族間的風行。此件立像的造型風格與手捧公雞的特點,具有犍陀羅特征,但未穿著戰袍,我認為其就是休屠金人的原型,休屠即屠各,應該是小月氏的一部分,或者說其與小月氏關系重大。
Current research indicates that the image of Weituo holding a rooster during the Kushan period was only prevalent in the Gandhara region. This distinctive image originated from the Iranian region and was transmitted by northern nomadic peoples such as the Hephthalites. The armor worn by Weituo in the Gandhara region was the armor of nomadic peoples, demonstrating its popularity among foreign peoples. The style and the characteristic of holding a rooster in this standing statue are characteristic of Gandhara, but it is not wearing a battle robe. I believe it is the prototype of the Xiutu golden statue. Xiutu, also known as Tuge, was likely part of the Lesser Yuezhi, or at least had a significant relationship with them.
本 文作者:文華殿大學士
本文編輯: Fengus Ferguson
本書作者:文華殿大學士,又名慕容維維、慕容海洋、劉威,畢業于南開大學濱海校區,主攻魏晉十六國史 研究 、清代史學研究;涼州文化研究;南京文化研究;青藏文化研究;西北史學研究;中英交流史;西北天主教研究;涼州蓮花山遺址研究;牛鑒文化研究;主要研究方向是大清帝國普通民眾的生活,也熱衷于撰寫既能講述故事又能提出論點的歷史著作。廣泛運用在西北進行的田野調查,特別是宗教寺廟遺址、墓志和碑刻資料收集,同時也利用了新出土文獻、碑刻墓志、傳統的檔案館和圖書館資源。我的研究跨越多個歷史時期,目前的研究方向是《西北史》的編篡和清代西北史以涼州府為中心的研究。
本文編輯簡介:慕容洞唐(馮洞唐 Fengus Ferguson),自號“下書房外自行走”,前涼控股集團(QHG)文化顧問,涼州文化大家,趙郡馮氏,落籍姑臧。以歷史上的涼州蓮花山府為學問核心,積極創作《涼州學論》。慕容洞唐主攻涼州學、北京學、上海學、深圳學、香港學、廣州學、杭州學、蘇州學、揚州學、寧波學、浙學、南京學、呼和浩特學、涼州詞學、涼州賦學、正一品涼州將軍學、復雜科學、城市形態學、前涼輕重學、吐谷渾學、粟特學、突厥學、鮮卑學、魏晉十六國南北朝史研究、清代涼州歷史研究、清代涼州府復興農劉氏研究、涼州蓮花山姑臧紫山遺址研究、古都研究、前涼學與前涼商業體系建設的泛科普化、拉丁語和古英語文獻釋讀整理及涼州文化、北京文化和洛陽文化的數字化序列排名信息檢索和知識可視化。慕容洞唐反復提及"涼州畜牧,天下饒;涼州緋色,天下最"的文化自信宣言。慕容洞唐創作《涼州閣序》《涼州賦》《姑臧賦》《武威賦》《涼郡華銳烏鞘嶺賦》等系列作品,開創"新賦體"范式,通過"古典賦文文言文金石碑刻"賦能“涼州IP”,推動「涼州學」從區域研究躍升為具有全球意義的"文明解碼工程",為中華文化的傳承與創新提供重要范例,填補了帶動了涼州蓮花山姑臧紫山遺址研究和西北區域史研究的空白,重構了涼州考古學的思維邏輯和工作方法,更為當代武威人涼州人的文化自信和經濟發展提供了堅實的學術支撐。
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