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醛酮在堿性條件下得到烯醇鹽和另一個羰基化合物縮合得到β-羥基醛酮的反應。有時β-羥基醛酮會脫水得到α,β-不飽和羰基化合物。將烯醇鹽加成到醛( ald ehyde )上得到醇( alcoh ol ),因此此反應被稱為 Aldol 縮合反應。
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原始的aldol反應是用Br?nsted酸堿催化,但是此方法會有一系列副反應生成,如自身縮合,多聚縮合,脫水后產物接著進行Michael加成等等。先制備烯醇鹽在進行進一步縮合是Aldol反應的重大突破。 由遷移金屬化可以制備Li、Na、Mg、Zn、B、Al、Ti等各種金屬烯醇鹽、其中只有硅和錫的烯醇鹽可以分離精制。特別是在路易斯酸性條件下硅烯醇鹽的羥醛加成反應通常稱作。
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含硼Lewis酸介導的羥醛縮合反應具有有極高的立體選擇性。此反應的立體選擇性得益于硼氧鍵鍵長較短,進而導致硼的烯醇鹽與醛形成了一個穩定的六元椅式中間過渡態。Z-烯醇鹽與醛反應得到syn構型羥醛產物,而E-烯醇鹽得到anti構型產物。
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反應機理
用Zimmerman-Traxler六元環過渡態模型(J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 1920.)能夠較好的解釋說明底物與產物立體化學見得關系。因為醛的取代基equatorial處在平伏位置的過渡態穩定,有烯醇的立體特異性決定產物的立體化學。也就是說,由Z-烯醇鹽得到syn構型羥醛產物、由E-烯醇鹽得到anti構型產物。
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一般而言,使用M-O鍵強的金屬(硬酸,絡合能較大的金屬)六元環過渡態的環足夠穩固,立體選擇性會提高。加入HMPA等與鋰等金屬配位能力較強的配位性溶劑、可使金屬烯醇鹽得到極化,提高反應性能。另一方面,因它不可能采取六元環過渡態,會使選擇性反轉,就變得依賴于底物。
反應實例
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【Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 9169-9202】
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【J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 7750-7760】
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【Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 733-736】
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【Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 1031-1034】
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【Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 166-168】
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【J. Org. Chem. 2006,5228-5230】
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【Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 1759-1766】
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【Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6877-6880】
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【Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 178-181】
相關文獻
1. Wurtz, C. A. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1872, 17, 436-442. Charles Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884) was born in Strasbourg, France. After his doctoral training, he spent a year under Liebig in 1843. In 1874, Wurtz became the Chair of Organic Chemistry at the Sorbonne, where he educated many illustrous chemists such as Crafts, Fittig, Friedel, and van’t Hoff. The Wurtz reaction, where two alkyl halides are treated with sodium to form a new carbon-carbon bond, is no longer considered synthetically useful, although the aldol reaction that Wurtz discovered in 1872 has become a staple in organic synthesis. Alexander P. Borodin is also credited with the discovery of the aldol reaction together with Wurtz. In 1872 he announced to the Russian Chemical Society the discovery of a new by-product in aldehyde reactions with properties like that of an alcohol, and he noted similarities with compounds already discussed in publications by Wurtz from the same year.
2. Nielsen, A. T.; Houlihan, W. J. Org. React. 1968, 16, 1-438. (Review).
3. Still, W. C.; McDonald, J. H., III. Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 21, 1031-1034.
4. Mukaiyama, T. Org. React. 1982, 28, 203-331. (Review).
5. Mukaiyama, T.; Kobayashi, S. Org. React. 1994, 46, 1-103. (Review on tin(II) enolates).
6. Johnson, J. S.; Evans, D. A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 325-335. (Review).
7. Denmark, S. E.; Stavenger, R. A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 432-440. (Review).
8. Yang, Z.; He, Y.; Vourloumis, D.; Vallberg, H.; Nicolaou, K. C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 166-168.
9. Mahrwald, R. (ed.) Modern Aldol Reactions, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2004. (Book).
10. Desimoni, G.; Faita, G.; Piccinini, F.; Toscanini, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2006,5228-5230.
11. Guillena, G.; Najera, C.; Ramon, D. J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2007, 18, 2249-2293. (Review on enantioselective direct aldol reaction using organocatalysis.)
12. Doherty, S.; Knight, J. G.; McRae, A.; Harrington, R. W.; Clegg, W. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 1759-1766.
13. O’Brien, E. M.; Morgan, B. J.; Kozlowski, M. C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6877-6880.
14. Trost, B. M.; Brindle, C. S. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 1600-1632. (Review).
15. Gazaille, J. A.; Abramite, J. A.; Sammakia, T. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 178-181.
16. Esumi, T.; Yamamoto, C.; Tsugawa, Y.; Toyota, M.; Asakawa, Y.; Fukuyama Y. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1898–1901.
編輯自:
一、Name Reactions (A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms), Jie Jack Li, Aldol condensation,page 3-5.
二、Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in OrganicSynthesis, László Kürti and Barbara Czakó, aldol reaction, page 8-9.
三、化學空間:https://cn.chem-station.com/reactions/%E5%8A%A0%E6%88%90%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94/2014/05/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E7%BE%9F%E9%86%9B%E7%BC%A9%E5%90%88%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94cross-aldol-reaction.html
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