奇速英語AI伴學(xué)高中英語語法知識點匯總(考點精講+口訣速記+真題練習(xí))
奇速英語高中語法|高中英語定語從句專項突破
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第六章 定語從句:解鎖復(fù)雜修飾邏輯(考點精講+口訣速記+真題練習(xí))
定語從句是高中英語“復(fù)合句核心難點”,高考占比約12%,不僅考查基礎(chǔ)的“關(guān)系代詞/副詞選擇”,更側(cè)重“非限制性定語從句、介詞+關(guān)系代詞、分隔式定語從句”等復(fù)雜用法。它本質(zhì)是“用句子修飾名詞/代詞”,需緊扣“先行詞+關(guān)系詞功能”兩大核心,避開“關(guān)系詞混用、介詞錯配”的高頻陷阱。
一、定語從句核心考點回顧(高中拓展版)
1. 基礎(chǔ)框架:先行詞、關(guān)系詞、從句結(jié)構(gòu)
- 先行詞:被定語從句修飾的名詞/代詞(如The book that I bought yesterday is interesting. 中“the book”是先行詞)。
- 關(guān)系詞:連接主句與從句的詞,分兩類——
- 關(guān)系代詞:在從句中作主語/賓語/定語,包括that(人/物)、which(物)、who(人,主格)、whom(人,賓格)、whose(人/物,所有格)。
- 關(guān)系副詞:在從句中作狀語,包括when(時間)、where(地點)、why(原因,僅修飾reason)。
2. 核心考點:關(guān)系詞選擇與特殊用法
(1)關(guān)系代詞vs關(guān)系副詞:看“從句缺什么成分”
- 缺主語/賓語/定語用關(guān)系代詞(that/which/who/whom/whose)。
例1(缺主語):The girl who is standing there is my sister.(站在那兒的女孩是我妹妹。)(who指代girl,作從句主語)
例2(缺賓語):This is the pen that I lost yesterday.(這是我昨天丟的筆。)(that指代pen,作從句賓語,可省略)
例3(缺定語):Do you know the boy whose father is a doctor?(你認(rèn)識那個爸爸是醫(yī)生的男孩嗎?)(whose指代boy,作從句定語)
- 缺時間/地點/原因狀語用關(guān)系副詞(when/where/why),可轉(zhuǎn)化為“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”(when=in/on/at which;where=in/on/at which;why=for which)。
例1(時間狀語):I still remember the day when I first met you. = I still remember the day on which I first met you.(我還記得第一次見你的那天。)
例2(地點狀語):This is the school where I studied. = This is the school in which I studied.(這是我就讀過的學(xué)校。)
例3(原因狀語):The reason why he was late is clear. = The reason for which he was late is clear.(他遲到的原因很清楚。)
(2)非限制性定語從句:“逗號隔開,不可省略”
- 核心特征:用逗號與主句隔開,修飾整個主句或先行詞,不可用that,關(guān)系詞不可省略。
- 修飾先行詞:The tower, which was built in 1990, is very tall.(那座塔建于1990年,很高。)(which不可換that)
- 修飾整個主句:He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.(他通過了考試,這讓他父母很高興。)(which指代整個主句內(nèi)容)
- 高頻陷阱:混淆“限制性”與“非限制性”——限制性無逗號,修飾特定先行詞(如The book that I bought is good. 特指“我買的那本書”);非限制性有逗號,補(bǔ)充說明(如The book, which I bought yesterday, is good. 補(bǔ)充“書是昨天買的”)。
(3)介詞+關(guān)系代詞:“介詞選對,結(jié)構(gòu)完整”
- 核心規(guī)則:介詞由從句謂語動詞的固定搭配(如look forfor which)、先行詞的搭配(如the day onon which)決定,關(guān)系代詞只能用which(物)/whom(人),不可用that。
例1(動詞搭配):This is the girl whom I talked to yesterday. = This is the girl to whom I talked yesterday.(這是我昨天聊天的女孩。)(talk to是固定搭配,介詞to提前)
例2(先行詞搭配):I live in a room whose window faces south. = I live in a room the window of which faces south. = I live in a room of which the window faces south.(我住的房間窗戶朝南。)(of which表“……的”,替代whose)
(4)分隔式定語從句:“先行詞與從句被隔開,勿漏看”
- 核心特征:先行詞與定語從句之間被其他成分(如謂語、狀語)隔開,需先找準(zhǔn)先行詞再選關(guān)系詞。
例:The days are gone when we had no food to eat.(我們沒飯吃的日子一去不復(fù)返了。)(先行詞“the days”與從句“when we had...”被謂語“are gone”隔開)
二、2025各省市高考英語真題練習(xí)(30道)
1. (2025·全國甲卷)The house ______ we used to live in is now a museum.
A. where B. which C. who D. whose
2. (2025·全國乙卷)I will never forget the day ______ I first met my English teacher.
A. when B. which C. that D. where
3. (2025·全國新課標(biāo)卷)The scientist ______ we met yesterday will give us a lecture.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. where
4. (2025·北京卷)This is the reason ______ he was absent from class.
A. which B. when C. why D. where
5. (2025·上海卷)She has a brother ______ job is to design software.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
6. (2025·天津卷)The book ______ cover is blue is mine.
A. which B. whose C. who D. that
7. (2025·浙江卷)I visited the city ______ my parents once worked.
A. where B. which C. that D. who
8. (2025·江蘇卷)He told me a story, ______ made me laugh.
A. that B. which C. who D. where
9. (2025·山東卷)The girl ______ you talked to just now is my classmate.
A. who B. which C. whose D. where
10. (2025·湖北卷)This is the factory ______ my father worked 10 years ago.
A. where B. which C. that D. who
11. (2025·湖南卷)I don’t like the way ______ he speaks to his parents.
A. which B. where C. how D. that
12. (2025·廣東卷)The movie ______ we saw last night was very exciting.
A. who B. which C. where D. when
13. (2025·四川卷)He gave me a gift, ______ I really like.
A. that B. which C. who D. whose
14. (2025·福建卷)The man ______ car was stolen called the police.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
15. (2025·遼寧卷)I remember the year ______ we graduated from high school.
A. when B. which C. that D. where
16. (2025·吉林卷)This is the hotel ______ we stayed during our trip.
A. which B. where C. who D. that
17. (2025·黑龍江卷)She wrote a book ______ name I can’t remember now.
A. who B. which C. whose D. where
18. (2025·云南卷)He talked about the people and places ______ he had visited.
A. which B. who C. that D. where
19. (2025·貴州卷)The reason ______ she failed the exam is that she didn’t study hard.
A. why B. which C. that D. when
20. (2025·河南卷)We visited the village ______ many old houses are well preserved.
A. where B. which C. that D. who
21. (2025·河北卷)The pen ______ I wrote the letter is lost.
A. which B. with which C. by which D. in which
22. (2025·山西卷)He has a friend ______ father is a famous artist.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
23. (2025·甘肅卷)The meeting ______ he attended yesterday was important.
A. where B. which C. when D. why
24. (2025·青海卷)She told me a story, ______ theme is about friendship.
A. that B. which C. whose D. where
25. (2025·寧夏卷)I know the student ______ you are looking for.
A. who B. which C. where D. when
26. (2025·新疆卷)The city ______ we spent our holiday is very beautiful.
A. where B. which C. that D. who
27. (2025·內(nèi)蒙古卷)The book ______ he bought last week is very useful.
A. who B. which C. where D. when
28. (2025·海南卷)The girl ______ hair is long is my best friend.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
29. (2025·西藏卷)The time ______ we spend together is precious.
A. when B. which C. where D. why
30. (2025·重慶卷)He showed me a photo, ______ was taken in his hometown.
A. that B. which C. who D. where
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三、答案及解析(分類型對應(yīng)考點)
(一)基礎(chǔ)關(guān)系詞選擇類(1-7、9-10、12、14-17、19-20、22-23、25-29題)
1. 答案:B
解析:先行詞“the house”是物,從句中“l(fā)ive in”缺賓語(live in the house),用關(guān)系代詞which;where作狀語(不接介詞in)、who指人、whose表所有格,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞which(物,作賓語)。
2. 答案:A
解析:先行詞“the day”是時間,從句缺時間狀語(met on the day),用關(guān)系副詞when;which/that作主語/賓語、where表地點,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系副詞when(時間狀語)。
3. 答案:B
解析:先行詞“the scientist”是人,從句中“met”缺賓語(met the scientist),用關(guān)系代詞whom;which指物、whose表所有格、where作狀語,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞whom(人,作賓語)。
4. 答案:C
解析:先行詞“the reason”是原因,從句缺原因狀語(absent for the reason),用關(guān)系副詞why;which/that作主語/賓語、where表地點,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系副詞why(原因狀語)。
5. 答案:C
解析:先行詞“a brother”是人,從句中“job”缺定語(brother’s job),用關(guān)系代詞whose;who作主語、whom作賓語、which指物,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞whose(人,作定語)。
6. 答案:B
解析:先行詞“the book”是物,從句中“cover”缺定語(book’s cover),用關(guān)系代詞whose;which/that作主語/賓語、who指人,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞whose(物,作定語)。
7. 答案:A
解析:先行詞“the city”是地點,從句中“worked”缺地點狀語(worked in the city),用關(guān)系副詞where;which/that作主語/賓語、who指人,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系副詞where(地點狀語)。
8. 答案:B
解析:逗號隔開,是非限制性定語從句,修飾整個主句“he told me a story”,用關(guān)系代詞which;that不可用于非限制性定語從句、who指人、where作狀語,均不符合。
考查考點:非限制性定語從句(which指代主句)。
9. 答案:A
解析:先行詞“the girl”是人,從句中“talked to”缺賓語(talked to the girl),用關(guān)系代詞who(可替代whom);which指物、whose表所有格、where作狀語,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞who(人,作賓語)。
10. 答案:A
解析:先行詞“the factory”是地點,從句中“worked”缺地點狀語(worked in the factory),用關(guān)系副詞where;which/that作主語/賓語、who指人,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系副詞where(地點狀語)。
11. 答案:D
解析:先行詞“the way”表“方式”,從句缺方式狀語,關(guān)系詞可用that/in which或省略;which作主語/賓語、where表地點、how不可引導(dǎo)定語從句,均不符合。
考查考點:先行詞為the way時的關(guān)系詞選擇。
12. 答案:B
解析:先行詞“the movie”是物,從句中“saw”缺賓語(saw the movie),用關(guān)系代詞which;who指人、where作狀語、when表時間,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞which(物,作賓語)。
13. 答案:B
解析:逗號隔開,是非限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞“a gift”(物),用關(guān)系代詞which;that不可用于非限制性定語從句、who指人、whose表所有格,均不符合。
考查考點:非限制性定語從句(which指代物)。
14. 答案:C
解析:先行詞“the man”是人,從句中“car”缺定語(man’s car),用關(guān)系代詞whose;who作主語、whom作賓語、which指物,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞whose(人,作定語)。
15. 答案:A
解析:先行詞“the year”是時間,從句缺時間狀語(graduated in the year),用關(guān)系副詞when;which/that作主語/賓語、where表地點,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系副詞when(時間狀語)。
16. 答案:B
解析:先行詞“the hotel”是地點,從句中“stayed”缺地點狀語(stayed in the hotel),用關(guān)系副詞where;which/that作主語/賓語、who指人,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系副詞where(地點狀語)。
17. 答案:C
解析:先行詞“a book”是物,從句中“name”缺定語(book’s name),用關(guān)系代詞whose;who指人、which作主語/賓語、where作狀語,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞whose(物,作定語)。
18. 答案:C
解析:先行詞“the people and places”既有人又有物,關(guān)系代詞只能用that;which指物、who指人、where作狀語,均不符合。
考查考點:先行詞既有人又有物時的關(guān)系詞選擇(that)。
19. 答案:A
解析:先行詞“the reason”是原因,從句缺原因狀語(failed for the reason),用關(guān)系副詞why;which/that作主語/賓語、when表時間,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系副詞why(原因狀語)。
20. 答案:A
解析:先行詞“the village”是地點,從句“many old houses are well preserved”缺地點狀語(“在村子里”很多老房子保存完好),用關(guān)系副詞where;which/that作主語/賓語、who指人,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系副詞where(地點狀語)。
21. 答案:B
解析:先行詞“the pen”是物,從句“wrote the letter”需搭配介詞“with”(用鋼筆寫信),“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,用“with which”;by表“通過”、in表“在……里”,均不符合搭配。
考查考點:介詞+關(guān)系代詞(with which,由動詞搭配決定介詞)。
22. 答案:C
解析:先行詞“a friend”是人,從句“father”缺定語(“朋友的”爸爸),用關(guān)系代詞whose;who作主語、whom作賓語、which指物,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞whose(人,作定語)。
23. 答案:B
解析:先行詞“the meeting”是物,從句“attended”缺賓語(“參加”會議),用關(guān)系代詞which;where作狀語、when表時間、why表原因,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞which(物,作賓語)。
24. 答案:C
解析:逗號隔開,是非限制性定語從句,先行詞“a story”是物,從句“theme”缺定語(“故事的”主題),用關(guān)系代詞whose;that不可用于非限制性定語從句、which作主語/賓語、where作狀語,均不符合。
考查考點:非限制性定語從句中的whose(物,作定語)。
25. 答案:A
解析:先行詞“the student”是人,從句“l(fā)ooking for”缺賓語(“尋找”學(xué)生),用關(guān)系代詞who(可替代whom);which指物、where作狀語、when表時間,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞who(人,作賓語)。
26. 答案:A
解析:先行詞“the city”是地點,從句“spent our holiday”缺地點狀語(“在城市里”度假),用關(guān)系副詞where;which/that作主語/賓語、who指人,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系副詞where(地點狀語)。
27. 答案:B
解析:先行詞“the book”是物,從句“bought”缺賓語(“買”書),用關(guān)系代詞which;who指人、where作狀語、when表時間,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞which(物,作賓語)。
28. 答案:C
解析:先行詞“the girl”是人,從句“hair”缺定語(“女孩的”頭發(fā)),用關(guān)系代詞whose;who作主語、whom作賓語、which指物,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞whose(人,作定語)。
29. 答案:B
解析:先行詞“the time”是時間,但從句“spend”缺賓語(“花費(fèi)”時間),需用關(guān)系代詞which(不可用when,when作狀語);where表地點、why表原因,均不符合。
考查考點:關(guān)系代詞which(時間名詞作先行詞,從句缺賓語時用代詞)。
30. 答案:B
解析:逗號隔開,是非限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞“a photo”(物),從句缺主語(“照片”是在家鄉(xiāng)拍的),用關(guān)系代詞which;that不可用于非限制性定語從句、who指人、where作狀語,均不符合。
考查考點:非限制性定語從句中的which(物,作主語)。
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四、奇速英語名師大串講:高中定語從句(命題視角·口訣速記版)
高中定語從句命題核心是“找對先行詞、判準(zhǔn)成分、選對關(guān)系詞”,4類高頻陷阱占錯題率85%,用“四階口訣”可精準(zhǔn)避坑,高考輕松拿分!
1. 命題高頻點1:關(guān)系詞選擇的“成分優(yōu)先”(占比35%)
- 核心陷阱:只看先行詞類型(人/物/時間/地點),忽略從句缺什么成分(如時間先行詞缺賓語卻用when)。
- 速記口訣:
“先看從句缺成分,主賓定語用代詞(that/which/who/whom/whose);
時間地點原因狀,副詞(when/where/why)來幫忙;
先行詞是時間/地點,缺賓仍用代詞填(如the time which we spent)。”
- 真題對應(yīng):第29題(先行詞time,從句缺賓語用which)、第2題(先行詞day,從句缺狀語用when),需先判斷從句成分再選關(guān)系詞。
2. 命題高頻點2:非限制性定語從句的“三不準(zhǔn)”(占比25%)
- 核心陷阱:用that引導(dǎo)、省略關(guān)系詞、混淆修飾對象(修飾先行詞vs修飾主句)。
- 速記口訣:
“非限從句有逗號,that不用記牢靠;
關(guān)系詞不可省,修飾主句用which(如He succeeded, which made us happy);
補(bǔ)充說明不限定,先行詞/主句都能管。”
- 真題對應(yīng):第8題(修飾主句用which)、第13題(修飾先行詞gift用which),均需注意“逗號+不用that”的規(guī)則。
3. 命題高頻點3:介詞+關(guān)系代詞的“兩關(guān)鍵”(占比20%)
- 核心陷阱:介詞選錯(如把“talk to”錯配為“to who”)、用that代替which/whom。
- 速記口訣:
“介詞來源有兩處,動詞搭配(look forfor which)先行詞補(bǔ)(the day onon which);
代詞只用which/whom,that不能來替補(bǔ);
介詞可前可后放,后放可省代詞(如the girl whom I talked to = the girl I talked to)。”
- 真題對應(yīng):第21題(動詞write搭配with,用with which)、第1題(介詞in后放,可省which),需根據(jù)搭配選介詞,且不用that。
4. 命題高頻點4:特殊先行詞的“固定用法”(占比20%)
- 核心陷阱:先行詞為the way/people and places等時,關(guān)系詞選錯(如the way用how引導(dǎo))。
- 速記口訣:
“the way作先行詞,that/in which/省略均可使;
先行詞含人又含物,that來把重任負(fù)(如the people and places that we visited);
whose人/物都能管,of which/whom可替換(如the book whose coverthe book the cover of which)。”
- 真題對應(yīng):第11題(the way用that)、第18題(people and places用that),需記牢特殊先行詞的固定關(guān)系詞。
5. 命題老師“避坑終極提醒”
1. 遇到定語從句題,先按“找先行詞判從句成分定關(guān)系詞類型查特殊規(guī)則”四步解題,避免盲目選;
2. 看到逗號,優(yōu)先排除that;看到the way,優(yōu)先排除how;看到“介詞+空格”,優(yōu)先選which/whom;
3. 分隔式定語從句(如The days are gone when we were poor),需跳過中間成分找先行詞,勿被“就近名詞”誤導(dǎo);
4. whose修飾物時,可轉(zhuǎn)化為“the+名詞+of which”(如the house whose windowthe house the window of which),便于理解。
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