大洋馬夫“國際加油站”第17期：為什么俄羅斯能把北方少數民族“收拾”得服服帖帖的呢？

俄羅斯為什么能夠收拾得了外蒙古地區和西伯利亞高原上的北方少數民族兄弟，而我們似乎有些差強人意呢？換句話說，相對于我們幾千年來一直在防范北方強權，諸如當年的北方之匈奴，北方之突厥等；到后來蒙古族兄弟發威了，統治了半個地球，俄羅斯也成為了其治下的一部分。那么、為什么俄羅斯能夠使我們北方的這些少數民族兄弟能夠臣服到曾經的沙皇俄羅斯帝國？直到如今以俄羅斯聯邦的名義納于其統治之下而行之有效呢？而我們卻在長達2000多年的歷史上與北方的這些少數民族兄弟打來打去，糾纏不斷而始終沒有做到一種真正有效的管制呢（就連近代都失去了外蒙古地區）？或者說像俄羅斯這樣把他們都給納入到統一的版圖而不生叛亂呢。

當然我們這里也要說一下，元清兩個少數民族的大一統政權做得還是比較好的，把北方的這些少數民族兄弟都納入政權給相對有效地統治了。但是縱觀歷史，能夠在更長時間內，或者在一個較長時間的歷史時間段內統治我們北方這些個少數民族和民族區域政權的時候，更多的則表現為羈縻管轄；諸如強大的漢唐也是如此。卻沒有像沙俄、蘇俄、蘇聯和如今的俄羅斯這么有效。當然有人說了，這是和俄羅斯人的那種鐵血和屠殺的血性手段有關，不可否認這方面的因素。還有人說近代沙皇俄羅斯利用現在的熱兵器統治了冷兵器時代的少數民族地區，屬于降維打擊，這也能理解，但是最重要的是俄羅斯人做到了一點，即每占一地，就用占一地的“換血”或“換種”的方法，對該地區實行多方面的“改造”。

這種方法就是俄羅斯每向前推進一步，就“消化”一部分，他們一個慣用的方式是在當地建設他們的宗教性信仰的教堂，改變當地人的信仰。同時，建設改變當地文化背景的俄文學校。讓當地人孩子都來上俄文學校，尤其是當地上層人士的子女，以此來拉攏他們，并役使他們；如果不服，就會慘遭血腥鎮壓和屠殺，伯力、海參崴、江東六十四屯等地如今已經沒有中國人了，這就是一個例證。當然，這也能讓當地人的子弟為日后能夠進入俄羅斯高層作為基礎和鋪墊。同時，沙皇俄羅斯在向東部擴張的時候，重視交通建設，尤其是為了有效地統治和管制，俄羅斯修建了一條橫跨歐亞的一個大鐵路，叫西伯利亞大鐵路，而這個鐵路被稱為（第一）歐亞大陸橋或稱北線歐亞大陸橋。這條大鐵路能有如此美譽，并不為過；使得俄羅斯能夠在調動兵員的第一時間內有效地完成“出兵”，也能夠有效地管理當地，發揮了積極和有效的作用，這是當時的我們所不能比擬的。必須說明的是這條大鐵路的枕木之下埋藏著許多北方少數民族的血與淚、身與魂，甚至是累累白骨。

俄羅斯人就是這樣，只相信拳頭的力量：你不服，我就揍你，直到把你打服，再不服的話，直接干掉。北方少數民族在中原朝廷的威懷的“仁心”之下，各種討價還價，似乎還能夠蹦跶蹦跶，不服管教，有時候一副你奈我何的孬種樣子。這是因為中原朝廷帶著“恤人”的天命，用愛和恩給予其機會，而沒有選擇一味的嗜殺。而俄羅斯人就不一樣了，等到了崇尚嗜血手段和強權霸道的俄羅斯人面前，北方少數民族一點便宜也討不到，曾經的那些“嬌氣”和傲氣被打得七零八碎了。這就像一個不聽話的孩子那樣，在自己的親生爹娘面前，這也調皮，那也不是的，這也要，那也要，但是、面對著“外人”就會碰得頭破血流了。“親爹”的愛救不了，也管教不了，卻被“繼爹”的棍棒教訓得服服帖帖的，最終這些個“逆子”都隨了“繼爹”的姓氏，乖乖地（也是被逼無奈的）跟著“繼爹”走了；包括外蒙古地區的那個名義上的“獨立者”，對我們這個“親爹”至今仍然是各種的恨和抹黑，不認我們；卻害怕被挨揍和因歷史上棍棒的痛楚經歷而對俄羅斯這個“繼爹”各種跪舔和溫順。

當然，對于一個地區的有效控制，最終還得要靠“拳頭”說了算的，即軍事實力必須強大，且能夠有效的駐扎威震（俄羅斯人雖然不太多，但西伯利亞大鐵路的作用發揮了出來，能夠有效地運兵）。俄羅斯在這方面的方式類似于我們歷史上的軍屯制度，這種制度很有效，亦兵、亦商、亦農，能夠在有效的時間里在邊疆地區扎根，當然也能夠有效的管理邊疆地區。不得不說俄羅斯人還是有自己的辦法的，做得也不錯。對比一下，如今的我們在隴海鐵路延伸線上開啟了蘭新鐵路。再到發展成如今的我們的連云港到西方國家荷蘭鹿特丹港的此條大鐵路，這條連接并貫通歐亞的大陸路位于西伯利亞大鐵路的南部，也就是通常所說的第二歐亞大陸橋，或稱南線歐亞大陸橋。這條大鐵路和俄羅斯的西伯利亞大鐵路（北線歐亞大陸橋）具有異曲同工之效，起到能夠穩定和管理邊疆，并能帶來商貿的繁榮的多重作用。

（以下是英文版 The next is English edition）

The 17th Issue of "Global Refuel Station": Why Has Russia Been Able to "Manage" the Northern Ethnic Minorities So Well?

(Friday afternoon, January 2, 2026)

Why has Russia been able to bring under control the northern ethnic minority brothers in regions like Outer Mongolia and the Siberian Plateau, while we seem somewhat less effective in comparison? In other words, relative to our millennia-long efforts to guard against northern powers—such as the Xiongnu and Turks in ancient times, and later the Mongol brothers who rose to power and ruled half the world, with Russia becoming part of their domain—why has Russia been able to subjugate these northern ethnic minority brothers, first under the Tsarist Russian Empire and now effectively under the Russian Federation? Meanwhile, throughout over 2,000 years of history, we have been entangled in constant conflicts with these northern ethnic minority brothers without ever achieving truly effective governance (even losing Outer Mongolia in modern times). Or, how has Russia managed to incorporate them into a unified territory without rebellion?

Of course, we should note that the Yuan and Qing dynasties, both ruled by ethnic minorities, did relatively well in incorporating these northern ethnic minority brothers into their regimes and governing them effectively. However, looking at history, during periods when northern ethnic minorities and regional regimes were ruled over a longer or extended historical timeframe, governance often took the form of loose supervision (jimi), as seen even during powerful dynasties like the Han and Tang. It was never as effective as under Tsarist Russia, Soviet Russia, the Soviet Union, or modern Russia. Some argue that this is related to the iron-fisted and bloody methods of the Russians, which cannot be denied. Others point out that modern Tsarist Russia used advanced firearms to subjugate regions still in the cold weapon era, representing a form of dimensional suppression. While this is understandable, the most critical factor is that the Russians achieved one thing: for every territory they occupied, they implemented a "blood exchange" or "seed replacement" approach, carrying out multifaceted "transformation" of the region.

This method involved the Russians advancing step by step and "digesting" each part. A common practice was to build churches aligned with their religious beliefs in the local area to alter the faith of the inhabitants. Simultaneously, they established Russian-language schools to reshape the local cultural background. Children from the region, especially those of the local elite, were required to attend these schools. This served to win them over and exploit their labor. Resistance was met with brutal suppression and massacres, as evidenced by the absence of Chinese people in places like Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River today. This approach also laid the groundwork for local descendants to potentially enter the higher echelons of Russian society in the future. Additionally, during its eastward expansion, Tsarist Russia prioritized transportation infrastructure, particularly the construction of a railway spanning Europe and Asia—the Trans-Siberian Railway, also known as the First Eurasian Land Bridge or the Northern Eurasian Land Bridge. This railway, deserving of its reputation, enabled Russia to deploy troops efficiently and manage the region effectively, playing a proactive and crucial role that we could not match at the time. It must be noted that beneath the railway ties lie the blood, tears, bodies, souls, and even the countless remains of northern ethnic minorities.

This is how the Russians operate: they believe only in the power of the fist. If you don’t submit, they will beat you until you do. If you still resist, they will eliminate you outright. Under the "benevolent" and compassionate rule of Central Plains dynasties, northern ethnic minorities could often bargain and act defiantly, as if there was nothing that could be done to control them. This was because Central Plains dynasties adhered to a "heavenly mandate" of compassion, offering opportunities through kindness and favor rather than resorting to indiscriminate slaughter. The Russians, however, are different. When faced with the bloodthirsty methods and authoritarian might of the Russians, northern ethnic minorities could gain no advantage. Their former arrogance and pride were shattered into pieces. It is like a disobedient child who acts spoiled and demanding in front of their biological parents but meets a harsh reality when dealing with "outsiders." The love of the "biological father" could neither save nor discipline them, but the "stepfather’s" harsh methods tamed them completely. Eventually, these "rebellious children" took the "stepfather’s" surname and followed him obediently (albeit under duress). This includes the nominal "independence" of Outer Mongolia, which still harbors resentment and spreads negativity toward us, the "biological father," while groveling and showing obedience to Russia, the "stepfather," out of fear of punishment and the painful memories of past brutality.

Of course, effective control over a region ultimately depends on the "fist"—military strength must be powerful and capable of maintaining a deterrent presence (though Russians are not numerous in Siberia, the Trans-Siberian Railway plays a crucial role in efficiently transporting troops). Russia’s approach in this regard resembles the military garrison system in our history, which was highly effective. Soldiers also engaged in commerce and farming, allowing them to take root in frontier regions within a short time and effectively manage these areas. It must be said that the Russians have their own methods and have executed them well. By comparison, we have now extended the Longhai Railway to form the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway, which has further developed into a major railway connecting Lianyungang in China to Rotterdam in the Netherlands. This railway, linking and traversing Eurasia, lies south of the Trans-Siberian Railway and is commonly known as the Second Eurasian Land Bridge or the Southern Eurasian Land Bridge. Like Russia’s Trans-Siberian Railway (Northern Eurasian Land Bridge), this railway serves multiple purposes: stabilizing and managing border regions while promoting commercial prosperity.