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二氧化錳在有機(jī)化學(xué)中十分有用,被用于氧化物的二氧化錳的形態(tài)不一,因?yàn)槎趸i有多個(gè)結(jié)晶形態(tài),化學(xué)式方面可以寫成MnO2-x(H2O)n,其中x介于0至0.5之間,而n可以大于0。二氧化錳可在不同pH下的高錳酸鉀(KMnO4)和硫酸錳(MnSO4)的反應(yīng)之中產(chǎn)生。啡色的二氧化錳沉淀物很活潑。最有效的有機(jī)溶劑包括芳香性物質(zhì)、氯化碳、醚、四氫呋喃和酯類等。
活性MnO2廣泛用于氧化α,β-不飽和基團(tuán)(三鍵,雙鍵、芳香環(huán))的醇,可選擇性氧化烯丙式醇,條件溫和,不會(huì)引起雙鍵的異構(gòu)化MnO2的活性及溶劑的選擇對(duì)反應(yīng)至關(guān)重要,常用的溶劑有二氯甲烷、乙醚、石油醚、己烷、丙酮等。
極性溶劑中反應(yīng)較慢,一般用二氯甲烷和過(guò)量的二氧化錳。由于是非均相反應(yīng),反應(yīng)的后處理只需要簡(jiǎn)單地過(guò)濾。中性條件的緣故,不發(fā)生副反應(yīng)。
反應(yīng)實(shí)例
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A 500-mL, round-bottomed flask, equipped with a Teflon-coated magnetic stirring bar, is charged with the 11.2 g of allylic alcohol and 300 mL of dichloromethane, and the resulting vigorously stirred solution is treated with 33 g of active manganese dioxide (380 mmol). Additional 2–5 g lots of the oxidant are added every 2–3 hr until the reaction is complete. The reaction mixture is vacuum-filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth, and the pad is washed with 200 mL of dichloromethane. The resulting clear filtrate is concentrated carefully using a rotary evaporator, and the residual oil is purified by bulb-to-bulb distillation at 0.3 mm (pot temperature 100 °C) affording 8.43–8.71 g (87–90%) of enone as a pale yellow oil that solidifies when cooled below 15°C. Crystallization of the crude product from pentane at ?70 °C gives (4S)-(?)-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one as colorless needles having mp 32–33 °C, [α]D23 ?65.1° (CH3OH, c 0.94).
【Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 9, p.136; Vol. 73, p.44】
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A 100-mL, one-necked, round-bottomed flask is fitted with an efficient reflux condenser and arranged for magnetic stirring and heating. The flask is charged with 50 mL of pentane and 2.0 g (13 mmol) of alcohol. To the rapidly stirred solution is added 16 g (180 mmol) of activated manganese (IV) oxide in small portions over 5 min. The solution is heated at reflux for 18 hr and then an additional 8 g (90 mmol) of activated manganese (IV) oxide is added in portions. After being heated at reflux for 24 hr, the reaction mixture is filtered through a 2-cm Celite filter pad. The filtered manganese oxides are thoroughly washed with about 200–300 mL of dichloromethane. Evaporation of solvent from the combined filtrates leaves 1.4–1.6 g of a light yellow oil. Bulb-to-bulb distillation at 100°C/0.1 mm gives 1.27–1.40 g (8.4–9.3 mmol, 64–71% yield) of an oil 3-Butyroyl-1-methylpyrrole.
【Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 7, p.102; Vol. 62, p.111】
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【Zh. Org. Khim., 1971, 7, 21210 (CA 1972, 76, 13712)】
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【Chem. Ber., 1977, 110, 3664】
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【J. Chem. Soc., 1963, 4983】
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【Synthesis, 1988, 715】
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【Tetrahedron, 2008, 64, 652-663】
活性二氧化錳的制備方法
將高錳酸鉀(960g)溶于水溶液(6000mL)中,加熱攪拌,同時(shí)緩慢加入四水合 硫酸錳(II) ( 1110g)的水溶液(1500mL)以及氫氧化鈉水溶液(40%, 1170mL)。 能看到二 氧化錳以茶色沉淀析出。 繼續(xù)攪拌一小時(shí),離心機(jī)分離,收集固體,水洗至洗液到無(wú)色為止。 得到的固體在空氣中(100-120℃)干燥,碾成粉 末備用(920g)。
【J. Chem. Soc. 1952, 1094】
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利用二氧化錳與氰離子在溶劑醇中,溫和選擇性氧化α,β-不飽和醛得到相應(yīng)的羧酸酯的反應(yīng)。此反應(yīng)最早由Corey團(tuán)隊(duì)在1968年首先報(bào)道。二氧化錳是一種非常溫和的氧化劑可以將烯丙醇氧化為烯丙醛而不發(fā)生過(guò)氧化,但是在HCN或氰化物存在下,烯丙醛可以轉(zhuǎn)化為氰醇,而氰醇可以被二氧化錳氧化為丙稀酰氰。該反應(yīng)不會(huì)引起不飽和雙鍵的cis/trans異構(gòu)化,這是其最大的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Ag2O可以氧化飽和醛得到相應(yīng)的羧酸,但當(dāng)其用于氧化α,β-不飽和醛時(shí)則會(huì)發(fā)生不飽和雙鍵的cis/trans異構(gòu)化。但是對(duì)于該反應(yīng)的經(jīng)典條件,甲基酯基化以外的產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)率都偏低。而近幾年,利用N-雜環(huán)卡賓(NHC)取代氰離子的反應(yīng)條件被相繼報(bào)道,其相比于原條件,不僅收率得到提高,底物的一般性更廣,所以應(yīng)用價(jià)值更大,避免使用劇毒的氰化物,因此利用氮雜環(huán)卡賓類催化劑催化此反應(yīng)更加環(huán)保安全【Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 905; Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 371; Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 4331; Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 3102; Synthetic Communications, 2018, 48, 1425-1435; 】
實(shí)驗(yàn)技巧
※ 不同的公司的二氧化錳活性純度不同。
※失活的主要原因是二氧化錳能結(jié)合一分子的結(jié)晶水,處理方法是碾碎后兩百度以上高溫長(zhǎng)時(shí)間加熱,能恢復(fù)活性。
參考文獻(xiàn)
一、化學(xué)空間:http://www.chem-station.com/cn/reactions/2014/05/活性二氧化錳-activated-manganese-dioxide-mno2.html
二、藥明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作
三、《現(xiàn)代有機(jī)合成試劑——性質(zhì)、制備和反應(yīng)》,胡躍飛等編著,151-152
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