
引言

隨著轉(zhuǎn)移性激素敏感性前列腺癌(mHSPC)治療進入新型內(nèi)分泌治療(NHT)聯(lián)合雄激素剝奪治療(ADT)的時代,如何為患者選擇起始治療方案,實現(xiàn)療效與安全性的最佳平衡,成為臨床決策的核心。長期以來,二聯(lián)(NHT+ADT)與三聯(lián)(NHT+ADT+多西他賽)之爭懸而未決。隨著多項臨床研究的驗證,二聯(lián)方案已逐步成為mHSPC全人群起始治療方案,而三聯(lián)方案則是高瘤負荷/高風險mHSPC患者的優(yōu)選方案。
然而,在眾多已獲批的NHT藥物中,如何基于臨床實踐證據(jù)進行選擇?近期,兩項真實世界研究在大樣本人群中不僅證實了阿帕他胺在前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)深度應答和總生存期(OS)上的雙重優(yōu)勢,更以扎實的數(shù)據(jù)為mHSPC二聯(lián)療法的優(yōu)越性提供了關鍵佐證,為臨床治療決策提供了重要參考。
在陶醉于聯(lián)合一切之后的反思:mHSPC從“三聯(lián)熱潮”到“二聯(lián)基石”的理性回歸
mHSPC的治療經(jīng)歷了三個關鍵發(fā)展階段。最初,ADT單藥治療是標準方案,但療效有限,患者往往在短期內(nèi)進展為轉(zhuǎn)移性去勢抵抗性前列腺癌(mCRPC)。隨著臨床研究的深入,“ADT + 多西他賽”和“ADT + NHT”二聯(lián)方案應運而生,多項III期臨床試驗證實,這類方案能顯著降低疾病進展風險,延長患者生存期,逐漸成為指南推薦的核心治療選擇[1]。隨后,“ADT + NHT + 多西他賽”三聯(lián)方案進入視野,引發(fā)了臨床對“強化治療”的熱議,部分學者認為其可能為患者帶來更大獲益。
然而,三聯(lián)方案的推廣并非一帆風順。多項Meta分析證實,與NHT二聯(lián)相比,三聯(lián)療法并未顯著改善總?cè)巳篛S獲益,僅高瘤負荷患者可能具有OS獲益[2–6]。以及多西他賽作為化療藥物,存在骨髓抑制、神經(jīng)毒性等不良反應,相比NHT二聯(lián)療法,三聯(lián)療法與≥3級不良事件(AE)風險增加相關[2]。且患者用藥周期長,依從性也面臨挑戰(zhàn)。真實世界數(shù)據(jù)顯示,僅約43.9%的mHSPC患者能完成至少6個周期的多西他賽治療,顯著影響了三聯(lián)方案的實際療效[7]。Meta分析也表明,三聯(lián)方案的生活質(zhì)量劣于NHT二聯(lián)方案[8]。基于此,國內(nèi)外權威指南大多推薦:三聯(lián)方案主要推薦用于高瘤負荷且可耐受化療的患者,而NHT聯(lián)合ADT的二聯(lián)方案適用于所有mHSPC患者[1,9,10]。mHSPC的治療策略正從“強化治療”向“精準分層”理性回歸。
亂花漸欲迷人眼:哪種NHT二聯(lián)方案才能為mHSPC患者贏得更多生機
在二聯(lián)方案因其廣泛的適用性和良好的風險效益比,被確立為大多數(shù)mHSPC患者的治療基石后,一個臨床問題隨之浮現(xiàn):在多種NHT藥物中,如何進一步優(yōu)化選擇?OS是評價腫瘤治療療效的金標準[11]。但遺憾的是,并非所有NHT二聯(lián)方案的III期臨床研究都表現(xiàn)出顯著生存獲益。例如,在ARANOTE研究的最終OS分析中,OS并沒有達到預設的顯著性差異。
表1 NHT二聯(lián)方案關鍵III期研究匯總*
(點擊可放大查看)
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*注:非頭對頭研究,數(shù)據(jù)無法直接對比,請謹慎解讀。
#ARANOTE研究中OS預設的顯著性α=0.0202(單側(cè))
盡管缺乏直接的頭對頭III期臨床試驗,但通過間接治療比較、藥理學差異分析以及真實世界療效研究,探索不同藥物間的潛在差異,對于實現(xiàn)個體化精準治療具有重要意義。在此背景下,誕生了多項探索不同NHT方案用于mHSPC真實世界研究,例如PROMPT-1、PROMPT-2、ROME、OASIS等。其中,兩項分別在今年國際前列腺癌更新(IPCU)年會和美國大型泌尿科團體實踐協(xié)會(LUGPA)全球前列腺癌年會中公布的針對阿帕他胺與達羅他胺的直接比較研究,因其大規(guī)模的真實世界數(shù)據(jù)和嚴謹?shù)姆治龇椒ǘ鴤涫荜P注。
真實世界證據(jù)一:PSA深度緩解,阿帕他胺引領二聯(lián)方案精準降瘤
一項回顧性縱向分析旨在基于真實世界數(shù)據(jù),比較阿帕他胺與達羅他胺(均未聯(lián)用多西他賽)在雄激素受體通路抑制劑(ARPI)初治的mHSPC患者中,誘導早期深度PSA應答(定義為PSA值降至≤0.2 ng/mL,即PSA0.2應答)的能力[25]。研究鏈接了臨床泌尿外科數(shù)據(jù)庫和管理式醫(yī)療索賠數(shù)據(jù)庫,共納入714例阿帕他胺治療患者和145例達羅他胺治療患者。通過逆概率治療加權平衡了包括人口統(tǒng)計學、臨床特征等基線變量后,分析主要終點——治療開始后6個月內(nèi)達到PSA0.2應答的比例。
結果顯示,截至索引日期后6個月,71.0%開始接受阿帕他胺治療的mHSPC患者達到PSA0.2應答的可能性,比開始接受達羅他胺治療的患者(55.2%)高出44%[25]。而在III期研究中,TITAN亞洲人群事后分析顯示,使用阿帕他胺治療,73.9%mHSPC患者可在中位1.9個月內(nèi)實現(xiàn)PSA≤0.2ng/mL,即阿帕他胺聯(lián)合ADT治療能使患者快速達到PSA深度緩解[26]。在ARANOTE研究中,達羅他胺聯(lián)合ADT組有62.6%的患者達到PSA<0.2ng/mL[22]*。
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圖1 阿帕他胺對比達羅他胺治療mHSPC真實世界研究的PSA 0.2應答
該真實世界研究存在潛在的局限性,如可能存在測量偏倚和其他混雜因素,以及PSA檢測可能未完全覆蓋所有診療場景。盡管如此,研究結論仍認為,即使未聯(lián)合使用多西他賽進行強化治療,阿帕他胺仍然是實現(xiàn)早期深度PSA應答的有效選擇。鑒于早期PSA應答與生存結局相關,這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可能具有重要的長期臨床意義,并有助于為治療策略提供信息。
真實世界證據(jù)二:OS雙重驗證,阿帕他胺二聯(lián)方案實現(xiàn)長期生存獲益
對于mHSPC患者而言,延長生存期、提高生存質(zhì)量是最終治療目標。第二項真實世界研究聚焦于OS這一核心終點,再次在大樣本人群中驗證了阿帕他胺二聯(lián)方案的優(yōu)越性。
一項基于真實世界數(shù)據(jù)的回顧性縱向分析,旨在比較阿帕他胺與達羅他胺在未聯(lián)用多西他賽的情況下,治療ARPI初治的mHSPC患者的OS[27]。研究采用意向性治療分析方法,并運用逆概率治療加權對潛在的混雜因素進行平衡,包括年齡、種族、地理區(qū)域、轉(zhuǎn)移類型、合并癥評分等多個基線特征。研究共納入1460例接受阿帕他胺治療和287例接受達羅他胺治療的患者。
結果顯示,截至24個月,阿帕他胺組患者的死亡風險較達羅他胺組顯著降低51%(加權HR = 0.49,95% CI 0.30–0.83,P = 0.007),兩組的2年OS率分別為92.1%和85.8%[27]。阿帕他胺的真實世界研究結果(92.1%)與III期TITAN研究中阿帕他胺聯(lián)合ADT組的2年OS率(82.4%)基本一致,且亞洲人群的療效和安全性與總體人群表現(xiàn)一致[28]*。
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圖 2 阿帕他胺對比達羅他胺治療mHSPC真實世界研究的OS
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圖 3 TITAN研究的OS
該真實世界研究同時指出若干局限性,包括可能存在錯誤分類偏倚、未觀測的混雜因素、隨訪時間不足及死亡事件記錄不全等。
這兩項真實世界研究是兩種二聯(lián)方案的比較,而且排除了多西他賽對研究結果的干擾。在此情況下,阿帕他胺+ADT方案在短期PSA深度緩解與遠期OS率兩項mHSPC重要預后指標中均表現(xiàn)出更多獲益[25,27]。這也體現(xiàn)了通過真實世界研究探索不同NHT二聯(lián)方案用于mHSPC治療的重要性。因為目前治療性指南推薦意見的制訂主要依據(jù)傳統(tǒng)隨機對照研究(RCT)及其整合結果,基于傳統(tǒng)RCT得出的臨床研究證據(jù)僅給出了干預措施在理想狀態(tài)下的內(nèi)部真實性結果,但臨床診療環(huán)境復雜多變,并非所有臨床問題均可通過傳統(tǒng)RCT得以解決[29]。正如在mHSPC中,治療策略日益更新,通過大型RCT研究來實時對比各方案的優(yōu)劣并不現(xiàn)實,而真實世界研究就可以彌合臨床實踐指南與臨床決策之間的距離。例如真實世界多中心研究顯示:阿帕他胺起始治療 mHSPC 可更快、更深降 PSA——6個月PSA90率及達成時間分別優(yōu)于恩扎盧胺(62.5% vs. 58.5%;3.7 月 vs. 5.1月)與阿比特龍(63.9% vs. 41.7%;3.6月 vs. 10.3月)[30,31]。
表2 不同NHT方案用于mHSPC真實世界研究匯總*
(點擊可放大查看)
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*注:非頭對頭研究,數(shù)據(jù)無法直接對比,請謹慎解讀。
總結
在目前探索不同NHT方案用于mHSPC真實世界研究中,大部分研究顯示阿帕他胺二聯(lián)方案在短期PSA緩解與遠期OS方面相對獲益更多[25,27,30,31,33–36,38–40]*。本次IPCU和LUGPA公布的這兩項真實世界研究以大樣本量、嚴格的設計和長期隨訪,直接證實了阿帕他胺聯(lián)合ADT方案在真實臨床實踐中與更高的早期深度PSA應答率及更低的24個月死亡風險相關,填補了臨床證據(jù)空白,為指導NHT二聯(lián)方案在mHSPC臨床實踐中的應用提供參考[25,27]。
*注:非頭對頭研究,數(shù)據(jù)無法直接對比,請謹慎解讀。
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