流感作為我國重大公共衛生挑戰之一,其高發病率與高疾病負擔對防控工作提出緊迫要求。近日,由中國醫師協會急診醫師分會、中華醫學會急診醫學分會、北京急診醫學學會、解放軍急救醫學專業委員會聯合修訂的《成人流行性感冒診療規范急診專家共識(2025版)》正式發布。此次共識是對2022版的重要迭代與深化,系統整合了近年來循證醫學關鍵進展,聚焦于快速診斷技術的臨床落地、新型抗病毒藥物的規范化引入、以及中醫藥治療的循證升級等核心環節,旨在構建更具響應力與實效性的急診流感診療體系,為應對當前流感防控形勢提供權威、前沿的臨床指引。
一、快速檢測,搶黃金救治:
核酸檢測革新急診流程
流感多在冬春季發病,因地域差異亦可全年發病。流感患者常有發熱、肌肉疼痛、頭痛、倦怠等全身癥狀,而咽痛、流涕和鼻塞等局部癥狀輕微。流感病毒引發多種并發癥,并加重慢性基礎疾病(推薦意見1-2)。
面對流感嚴峻形勢,早期快速診斷是有效干預的前提,診斷前移與精準化成為核心策略。與傳統的病毒分離培養(金標準但耗時長)[1-3]或血清學檢測(對早期診斷價值有限)[4]相比,快速核酸檢測在急診情境下的優勢明顯,目前已逐步發展成為臨床診斷中首選檢測手段[5-6]。同時共識指出,快速抗原檢測操作簡便,適合即時檢驗,但敏感性低于PCR核酸檢測,陰性結果不能排除感染,建議進一步通過PCR核酸檢測以明確診斷。這一診斷策略的更新,體現了急診醫學對“時間窗”概念的重視,為后續的早期抗病毒治療奠定了關鍵基礎。共識推薦首選上呼吸道鼻咽樣本進行RT-PCR檢測流感病毒核酸。在無法進行核酸檢測的情況下可采用抗原檢測作為替代。在條件允許的情況下,推薦不同的檢測方法組合應用以提高檢測準確性(推薦意見4)。同時臨床上需高度警惕流感病毒合并其他類型病原體混合感染,積極進行病原學的診斷與鑒別診斷(推薦意見5)。
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圖1 流感診斷和病情評估流程
二、拓新版圖,注民族力量:
抗流感新藥納入權威共識
抗流感病毒藥物分為 NAIs、RNA聚合酶抑制劑、血凝素抑制劑,對目前流行的甲型和乙型流感病毒均具有較高的敏感性,且安全性良好。(證據等級Ⅱ,推薦強度 B)(推薦意見 8)
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圖2抗病毒藥物靶向作用機制
01
治療方案
共識對抗病毒藥物章節進行重要擴充,重點納入近年來我國自主研發獲批上市的新型抗流感藥物,特別是RNA聚合酶抑制劑,此類藥物通過抑制流感病毒RNA聚合酶復合體的不同亞基干擾病毒復制,包括靶向PA亞基的藥物瑪舒拉沙韋、瑪硒洛沙韋;靶向PB2亞基的藥物昂拉地韋。
在無并發癥的青少年或成人流感患者(甲型流感99.9%)中開展的一項Ⅲ期RCT試驗結果顯示,瑪舒拉沙韋與安慰劑相比可顯著縮短流感癥狀持續時間(42.0 h vs. 63.0 h,P=0.002)和中位退熱時間(19.7 h vs. 28.3 h,P?=?0.009),病毒排毒停止中位時間為22 h(P<0.001)[7]。同時瑪舒拉沙韋Ⅱ期研究是在唯一以乙型流感為主( 99.5% )的無并發癥成人流感患者中開展的RCT,其結果與Ⅲ期結果類似,40 mg 瑪舒拉沙韋同樣可減少流感癥狀持續時間( 50.0 h vs.安慰劑 82.3 h) 和中位退熱時間( 27.0 h vs.47.2 h),病毒排毒停止中位時間為 23.5 h[8]。
在甲型和乙型流感的用藥方案選擇上,目前已上市的抗病毒藥物多數對甲型和乙型流感均有明顯療效[7-17],其中昂拉地韋目前獲批用于甲型流感患者[18]。考慮到服藥的便捷性和用藥依從性,推薦優先選擇口服片劑的抗病毒藥物( 按上市順序) :奧司他韋、瑪巴洛沙韋[14、19]、瑪舒拉沙韋[7-8]、昂拉地韋[18]( 僅用于甲型流感) 、瑪硒洛沙韋[15] 等。抗病毒治療療程一般為 5~7 天,療程結束后若癥狀仍未緩解、有病毒復制依據或有免疫抑制狀態時,可考慮延長抗病毒療程至 10~14 天[20-21]; 有條件者應考慮進行耐藥性檢測以及時調整用藥方案[22]。
02
應用時機
急診非重癥流感患者在病原學確診后應及時給予抗病毒治療。普通型流感( 非妊娠女性)、無重癥高危因素者,需充分評估抗病毒治療的風險和收益。而急診重癥及危重癥流感患者應在發病 48 小時內啟動抗病毒治療[23-24],延長啟動可能會增加重癥率和病死率[25-26],盡早啟動( 如 36 小時內) 可進一步降低下呼吸道感染風險[9]; 該類患者啟動抗病毒治療無需等待病原學確診結果,但基于多病原合并感染帶來的流感重癥風險[27,28],仍建議及時進行病原學檢測以指導治療。發病超過 48 小時的急診重癥及危重癥患者,仍需予以抗病毒治療[9]。
由于 NAIs、血凝素抑制劑和RNA聚合酶抑制劑之間作用機制不同,目前尚未觀察到靶點相關的交叉耐藥現象。因此,若流感病毒對某一類( 或某一靶點) 抗病毒藥物的敏感性下降,可考慮換用作用機制不同的其他類別藥物治療[29]。
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三、中西合璧,推循證革新:
新版共識推動中西醫并重抗流感
共識延續了“中西醫并重”的診療原則,并對中藥及中成藥的應用進行了循證依據的更新。抗流感病毒的中藥或中成藥具有多靶點、耐藥性低和退熱效果佳等特點,根據臨床表現辨證論治,在緩解流感癥狀、減少重癥和縮短住院時間等方面具有一定優勢(推薦意見10)。
總之,2025版共識系統更新了成人流感的診療與預防策略,為急診實現早期識別與規范治療提供實用指導。未來需通過研發廣譜疫苗、新型藥物與便捷診斷工具應對病毒變異挑戰,并重點優化重癥預警、個體化治療與真實世界研究,同時強化多學科協作與資源整合,以全面提升我國流感診療的規范化與同質化水平。
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